MSTN and cancer: Notably elevated myostatin expression is correlated with muscle wasting in cancer cachexia, heart failure, HIV, CKD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and aging (Gonzalez-Cadavid et al., 1998; Yarasheski et al., 2002; Shyu et al., 2006; Costelli et al., 2008; Plant et al., 2010; Verzola et al., 2011).