VEGFA and hemangioma: Other possible molecular pathways that are involved in vascular tonus and endothelial proliferation and which could directly or indirectly function as targets of propranolol include: cAMP/PKA, leading to increased VEGF/b-FGF;11 inhibition of vasodilation through reducing the release of NO mediated by beta-3 receptor ligands;12 and VEGF production regulated by NF-kB, which relates to the effect of steroids on hemangiomas.13