TNF and triple-negative breast carcinoma: Similarly to 25OHD, we subsequently found that high levels of plasma cytokines, including interferon α2 (IFNα2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin 5 (IL5), as well as several ratios of T-helper type 1 (Th1) to Th2 cytokines, were associated with increased likelihood of ER negative and triple-negative breast cancer compared to ER positive or luminal A tumors in premenopausal women [12].