The pathogenic effects of Nef are underscored by the observation that patients infected with Nef-deficient strains of HIV-1 often do not develop AIDS for over 10 years even if untreated (these patients are referred to as ‘long-term non-progressors’ or ‘slow progressors’) (Deacon et al., 1995; Kirchhoff et al., 1995; Gorry et al., 2007). Here, S100B is linked to AIDS.