TNF and neoplasm: Our further experiments revealed that TNF-α is strongly induced in organs of rodents by treatment with various tumor promoters, such as microcystin-LR and nodularin, and that the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6, are also thought to have tumor-promoting activities in human cancer development (Suganuma et al. 2002; Fujiki and Suganuma 2011).