NUCLEOLIN and breast carcinoma: Hovanessian and his colleagues discovered that surface nucleolin serves as a low-affinity receptor for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), and they further demonstrated that treatment with anti-HIV pseudopeptide HB-19 inhibits tumor development of human breast cancer and rhabdoid tumor cell lines in xenograft nude mouse models, mediated through surface nucleolin (Destouches et al. 2008; Krust et al. 2011b); HB-19 treatment partly inhibits metastasis of melanoma cells to lymph nodes and lungs (El Khoury et al. 2010).