PTGS2 and neoplasm: Moreover, mice fed with LicA had a significant reduction in tumor formation and the number of cells expressing proliferating cell nuclear antigen, beta-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the colon, a significant increase in survival, and an inhibition of liver metastasis and expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the liver [11].