PPARA and heavy chain disease: Although Q-PCR analysis demonstrated that there was no difference in mRNA expressions of PPAR-α and M-CSF in artery tissues among ND-BAD rats, HCD-sham rats and HCD-BAD rats (Fig. 5E, F), we observed an increase of PPAR-α mRNA expression (Fig. 5E) and decrease of M-CSF mRNA expression (Fig. 5F) in HCD-BAD rat with OEA administration.