PPARA and atherosclerosis: Evidences as follows indicate that PPAR-α activation is involved in vascular cell remodeling, which plays a protective role against atherosclerosis: (i) classic PPAR-α agonist fenofibrate reduced vascular endothelial cell proliferation and smooth muscle cell migration by disrupting the cell cycle [21], [31], [32]; and (ii) the induction of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration was observed in PPAR-α knockout mice [21].