CD40 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: We have shown that administration of DC treated ex vivo with short double-stranded NF-kappaB oligonucleotide decoys [22] and antisense oligonucleotides targeting CD40, CD80 and CD86 can prevent T1D in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain [23] and can prolong allograft survival [24].