EDN1 and infection: The expression of many inflammatory mediators including cytokines, MMPs, cPLA2, COX-2, and iNOS has been shown to be regulated by various extracellular stimuli such as proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and TNF-α), peptides (e.g., BK, ET-1, and Aβ), infections (e.g., bacteria and virus), peroxidants (e.g., oxLDL and H2O2), and other stresses (e.g., TGF-β) in neuronal and neuroglial cells [4–9, 42] (Figure 4).