PTGS2 and Alzheimer disease: The activated microglia produce several inflammatory mediators including COX-2/prostaglandins (PGs), iNOS/nitric oxide (NO), or cytokines as well as neurotoxic substances, which are thought to be responsible for brain injuries and diseases including trauma, AD, and neural death due to the exposure of LPS, interferon-γ, or β-amyloid [18, 19].