In a survey of Canadian sera for AF-albumin using the standard ELISA method of Chapot and Wild [80], 100% of 200 samples were below the limit of detection (3 pg/mg) by this assay (reviewed by [22]) and thus, a likely overestimate that the mean adduct level would perhaps be half the limit of detection (i.e., 1.5 pg/mg). Here, ALB is linked to atrial fibrillation.