In high risk regions of the world, greater than 95% of those individuals tested are positive for AF-albumin, typically over a 2-3 log range, from about 3 pg/mg albumin to approximately 1000 pg/mg (reviewed in [21]), while more developed regions rarely have detectable levels of the biomarker [21, 84, 122, 123]. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and atrial fibrillation.