ACE and heart failure: Regarding the lack of studies investigating the link between cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is difficult to speculate about the causal link between these two affections, but as pointed out by Polidori et al. [31] and in accordance with the present findings, we think that a systematic neuropsychologic testing of older patients with heart failure should be processed in order to identify those with early cognitive impairment and promptly establish traditional therapies such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin, or beta-blockers.