However, all TKIs examined so far, have failed to eliminate the CD34+ CD38− CML stem cells.17,18 In contrast to mature CML sells, survival of CML stem cells is not dependent on bcr-abl activity and various other pathways participate in CML cells survival; cellular interactions between CML stem cells and bone marrow stroma, activation of several pathways (Wnt, Hedgehog signaling, autophagy, etc).19–22. Here, CD38 is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.