More recently, Gregersen et al. found that both circulating and local plaque IL-9 levels were significantly increased in patients with coronary and carotid atherosclerosis, and IL-9 and IL-9R coexpressed in atheroma T cells, suggesting the IL-9/IL-9R axis is involved in the atherosclerotic process [33]. This evidence concerns the gene IL9 and carotid atherosclerosis.