One of the key genes that plays a role in response to viral infections is the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) (Fig. 7A), after viral infection TLR3 recognizes double strand RNA (dsRNA) that leads to downstream activation of type I interferons and NF-κB, a proinflammatory and prosurvival pathway (20,21). Here, NFKB1 is linked to viral infectious disease.