We first used untreated SH-SY5Y cells to characterise the basal pattern of staining of the degradation adaptor proteins ubiquilin-1 and -2 (UBQLN) and p62 (two of which, UBQLN2 and p62, are seen in aggregates in human ALS and FTD), and polyubiquitin chains with different internal lysine linkages (K48 and K63) (Fig. 5A). This evidence concerns the gene UBQLN1 and frontotemporal dementia.