It was previously reported that patients with type 1 diabetes showed higher concentrations of plasma GM-CSF, soluble CD40, soluble CD40 ligand, MIP-β [42], and that the acute effect of clamped hyperglycemia increased the urinary excretion of eotaxin, FGF-2, GM-CSF, TNF-α and soluble CD40 ligand in patients with type 1 diabetes. Here, CSF2 is linked to Hyperglycemia.