As observed in HCC tissue samples or cell lines, this leads to an increased expression and phosphorylation of Erk1/2, p38 MAPK or even JNK1/2, resulting preferentially in elevated c-Fos activity and therefore expression of cyclin D1 and phosphorylation of pRb [52,142,143,144]. The gene discussed is CCND1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.