Among children with <2 episodes ppy, TNFα-producing CD4+ T cells (including TNFα single-producers and IFNγ/TNFα double producers) comprised a greater proportion of the malaria-specific response than among children with ≥2 prior episodes ppy, whereas in children with a higher prior malaria incidence, IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells (including IL-10 single-producers and IFNγ/IL-10 double producers) comprised a far greater fraction of the malaria-specific response (P<0.001, Fig. 2c). Here, CD4 is linked to malaria.