TNF and malaria: However, in this analysis both IFNγ+/IL-10+/TNFα− (IRR 1.40 per 10 fold increase, P = 0.038) and any IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells (IRR 1.41 per 10 fold increase, P = 0.039) remained independently associated with an increased risk of malaria after controlling for duration since last malaria infection.