The advantages of this combination over chemotherapy include (1) the low rate of early mortality in elderly unfit patients, (2) the promising response rates in patients with a poor-risk karyotype, including patients with mixed lineage leukemia, JAK2 and K-RAS mutant AML, (3) the potential for clinical benefit, even in patients not achieving a clinical response (median OS 7 months; Figure 1c) and (4) the low rate of AML transformation in patients with MDS (Figure 1d). This evidence concerns the gene KRAS and leukemia.