INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Piled evidence suggested that Txnip induced β-cell apoptosis under various kinds of stresses such as STZ treatment (T1DM model) (62, 63), high glucose (28, 29, 64, 65), ER-stress (66–68), dexamethasone/glucocorticoid (69), and inflammation/cytokine (29, 62), while it has been reported that Txnip aggravates hepatic glucose production (70) and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle (28, 71) and adipose tissues (72, 73).