CNTF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Subsequent studies also using Axokine, a modified form of human CNTF with improved potency and stability, confirmed that CNTF administration to humans and experimental animals results in decreased food intake, weight loss, and an improvement of obesity-associated hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, and dyslipidaemia (Gloaguen et al., 1997; Lambert et al., 2001; Sleeman et al., 2003; Blüher et al., 2004).