Compared to tumors from mice that were not exposed to Paclitaxel treatment (primary tumor), tumors from recurrent disease after treatment with Paclitaxel (early recurrent tumor) had higher levels of genes associated with stemness such as ALDH1, KLF4, MYD88, NANOG, and OCT-4 (Fig. 5A). The gene discussed is NANOG; the disease is neoplasm.