LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: The VMN contains both leptin and insulin receptors (Dhillon et al. 2006; Cotero and Routh 2009; Klockener et al. 2011), and isolated deletion of leptin receptors from this nucleus leads to obesity and increased food intake, indicating an important role of the VMN in the function of leptin (Dhillon et al. 2006).