Aside from well-described involvement in gynecologic malignancies and osteoporosis, ESR1 has also been implicated in mostly candidate gene studies of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease risk, in-stent restenosis, sudden cardiac death and age-related changes in left ventricular structure, often with disparate associations in men and women (Ferrero et al., 2003; Schuit et al., 2004; Peter et al., 2007; Aouizerat et al., 2011). This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and osteoporosis.