TGFB1 and atrial fibrillation: In summary, our data provide evidence that hypoxia increases the secretion of paracrine factors of AF-MSCs, and that AF-MSC-hypoCM improves wound healing via enhancement of cell migration and activation of TGF-β/SMAD2 and PI3K/AKT pathways, suggesting that AF-MSC-hypoCM can be used in the treatment of wound healing and postoperative scar.