VEGFA and atrial fibrillation: To investigate the relationship of PI3K/Akt or TGF-β/SMAD2 pathways and wound healing, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and TGF-β inhibitor SB505124 were used to examine the effects of AF-MSC-hypoCM on in vitro wound healing (migration of fibroblasts), showing that inhibition of either PI3K/Akt or TGF-β/SMAD2 pathways reduced the migration of fibroblasts which were enhanced by VEGF and TGF-β1.