RAF1 and schwannoma: Schwannoma cell lines lacking the tumor suppressor activity of merlin have high basal levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and AKT, which are activated by the Src/FAK/Ras and PI3K/Raf signaling cascades and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) (Figure 1)[37].