In cultured microglia, activation by several stimuli depends on NHE1 mediated H+ homeostasis and inhibition of NHE1 with HOE 642 also reduced the production of superoxide anions as well as proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α induced by LPS or in vitro ischemia [52]. Here, IL1B is linked to ischemia.