Not only is TNF-α correlated with diabetes progression (Csizuadia et al., 2012; Swaroop et al., 2012), it has also been found to alter insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle cells in vitro (Yoon et al., 2011), and has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance through studies knocking out its respective receptors (Uysal et al., 1997; Romanatto et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.