Reports have shown that in regions where malaria is endemic there are TRAP-specific antibodies in the blood of patients that correlate with protection (30) and that immunization of humans and mice with irradiated sporozoites can induce protective antibody responses against SSP2 (TRAP) and inhibit sporozoite invasion of human hepatoma cells (28, 31, 32). Here, SENP7 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.