TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Of relevance to NAFLD and obesity, it was observed that pretreatment of preadipocytes, differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and human adipocyte primary culture with lycopene (2 μM) decreased macrophage conditioned medium induced and TNFα-mediated induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokines (IL-6 and MCP-1) [214,217].