CSF2 and cardiovascular disorder: Persistent or excessive systemic inflammation results in the production of pro-inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α [34], IL-1β [35], granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), which are implicated in the pathology of cardiovascular diseases [36] and modulate EPC mobilization, recruitment, and homing [21,32].