TGFB1 and congenital bilateral aplasia of vas deferens from CFTR mutation: Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) [18] and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) [13], [14] have also been observed in early calcific lesions, demonstrating the key role played by paracrine signaling in CAVD development.