Liver tissue samples were obtained from a broad range of patients with different disorders including minimal or no hepatic disease, liver diseases of non-viral etiology, chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis C. In liver samples from patients with chronic hepatitis C, we additionally determined hepatic viral loads and IL28A/B and IL29 mRNA expression and tested whether the relationship between IFNL4 and ISG activation found in vitro is also existent in vivo. This evidence concerns the gene IFNL2 and liver disorder.