Crude analysis of epidemiological data revealed the overall distribution of several variables differed significantly between cases and controls; including population group (P-value = 0.0046), a family history of cancer (P-value = 0.0434), previous occupation (P-value = 0.0373), presence of diabetes (P-value = 0.0199), balding pattern (P-value = 0.0038), current sexual activity, erectile dysfunction (ED) (P-value < 0.0001), frequent aspirin usage (P-value = 0.0003) and PSA levels (P-value < 0.0001) (Additional file 3: Table S2). Here, KLK3 is linked to cancer.