NUCB2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: However, orexigenic (acylated and desacylated ghrelin and preptin) and anorexigenic (nesfatin-1 and leptin) peptide hormones of the endocrine system may play a critical role in the development of obesity by regulating the energy balance and affecting the “eating center” and “satiety center” in the paraventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract.