TGFB1 and cancer: Importantly, PC3 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells has been shown to produce very low amounts of TGFβ [46,47], 10-100 times less than TGFβ levels reported in the fetal bovine serum by Thermo Scietific (http://www.thermoscientific.com) in December 2013, leading to the suggestion that in vitro cancer cells are more likely to act through activating TGFβ present in serum [46].