TNF and ischemia: Compared with normothermic controls, rodents with heatstroke have higher values of cellular ischemia (e.g., glutamate and lactate-to-pyruvate ratio) and damage (e.g., glycerol) markers, prooxidant enzymes (e.g., lipid peroxidation and glutathione oxidation markers), proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α), inducible nitric oxide-synthase-dependent nitric oxide and an indicator for the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (e.g., myeloperoxidase activity) as well as neuronal damage (e.g., apoptosis and necrosis) in the hypothalamus after heat stroke.