In a subsequent study, Seddon et al. found that smoking had a positive association with some proinflammatory cardiovascular disease biomarkers such as CRP, interleukin 6, soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 2, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) but not with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) or lipoprotein(a) in nonexudative AMD [93]. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and age-related macular degeneration.