CXCL10 and coinfection: Despite the fact that the same pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, such as the natural killer cell chemoattractant CXCL10, are elevated after ART initiation in both TB-IRIS and hepatitis flares in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV), and that 20% of our study population was co-infected with HBV, we did not find any association between HBV co-infection and the occurrence of TB-IRIS [24].