While additional investigations will be needed to further define the roles of Oct-1 and Oct-2 in HMGA1 expression in other cell systems and models, these results provide a paradigm to suggest other types of molecule, Oct-1 and Oct-2, in addition to HMGA1, which should be searched for in investigations designed to elucidate the causes of impairment of INSR signaling in humans with INSR dysfunction and insulin resistance. Here, INSR is linked to Insulin resistance.