Following infection by C. parvum sporozoites in vitro, the mouse epithelial cell line CMT-93 upregulated CXCL9 and CXCL10 24 h later (Figure 6, E) suggesting that independently of IFNγ, IEC can in some conditions upregulate these chemokines in direct response to the parasite. Here, CXCL9 is linked to infection.