INS and cardiac hypertrophy: Moreover, Rb1 clearly alleviated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling in the cTnTR141W transgenic mouse, attenuated cardiac hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, ultrastructural degeneration, and intercalated disc remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy hearts [10], and promoted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and survival in Min6 cells through PKA which augmented IRS2 expression to enhance insulin/IGF-1 signaling [11].