Inducible Tat-transgenic mice are a reasonable model for testing whether sex influences HAND development since they exhibit many neuropathologic and behavioral deficits seen in HIV patients with HAND, including gliosis and microglial activation (Bruce-Keller et al. 2008), dendritic abnormalities and reduced dendritic spine density (Fitting et al. 2010b, 2013; Hauser et al. 2009), disrupted hippocampal circuitry, changes in synaptic proteins (Fitting et al. 2013), and learning/behavioral deficits (Fitting et al. 2013; Carey et al. 2012). This evidence concerns the gene TAT and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.