With regards to WNV, little is known about the role of this pathway during infection of insects except for the apparent down-regulation of the Spӓtzle5-like cytokine during infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and that none of the canonical Toll pathway genes and/or associated AMPs were significantly altered during WNV infection of Cx. quinquefasciatus [96]. The gene discussed is ADSL; the disease is infection.