EDN1 and acute kidney injury: Recent animal model experiments [14, 37] also showed that pretreatment with tail vein injection of KB-R7943 markedly and dose-dependently suppressed the increase in renal ET-1 production and the reduction in renal blood flow induced by contrast medium administration and prevented contrast-induced acute renal failure, which suggested that Ca2+ overload via the reverse mode of NCX, followed by renal ET-1 overproduction and renal vasoconstriction, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CI-AKI.