SPP1 and neoplasm: In total, 3.5% of the transcriptome is regulated by PARP-1 with 60–70% positively regulated (76), including genes involved in tumor promotion such as JUND, MDM2, HGF, FLT1 (VEGFR1), EGFR, HIF2A (EPAS1), SPP1 (OPN), MMP28, ANGPT2, and PDGF (77).