VEGFA and colon carcinoma: Earlier studies (Fukuda, Kelly & Semenza, 2003; Han, Michalopoulos & Wu, 2006; Ji et al., 2010) revealed the mechanism by which PGE2 exposure induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression in HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells, EP1 receptor-overexpressed HE293 cells and Hep2G cells.