TNF and necrotizing enterocolitis: Mediators that may be involved in the pathogenesis of NEC including platelet activating factor (PAF), intestinal toll-like receptors, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10, and 12, lipopolysaccharide, nitric oxide (NO), RNS, and oxygen derived free radicals that amplify the inflammatory response via several mechanisms including peroxidation of membrane lipids as well as oxidation of proteins and DNA.