Thus, in addition to the established role of the lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN in activating autophagy via the PI3K class I/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, this tumour suppressor can also activate autophagy by other pathways that require LC3 lipidation and that are independent of its lipid phosphatase activity (Figure 10). Here, AKT1 is linked to neoplasm.