TGFB1 and HIV-1 infection: As VitD displays anti-inflammatory properties [2,3,7] with a potential impact reducing immune activation, the main pathogenic mechanism in HIV-1 infection, the transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and TGF-β) cytokines in PBMCs and mucosa were evaluated to infer the degree of immune activation.