Overall these results suggest that VitD and VDR could influence the resistant phenotype exhibited by this highly HIV-1 sexually exposed but seronegative Colombian cohort; the most likely VitD-induced mechanisms involved in avoiding the establishment of HIV-1 infection would be the up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10, and/or the induction of the antimicrobial peptides HBD-2 and HBD-3 with anti-HIV-1 activity. Here, VDR is linked to HIV-1 infection.